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Simulated Microgravity Induces the Proliferative Inhibition and Morphological Changes in Porcine Granulosa Cells
Simulated Microgravity Induces the Proliferative Inhibition and Morphological Changes in Porcine Granulosa Cells
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Date
2021
Authors
Truong Xuan Dai
Hoang Nghia Son
Ho Nguyen Quynh Chi
Hoang Nghia Quang Huy
Nguyen Thai Minh
Nguyen Thi Thuy Tram
Nguyen Thi Thuong Huyen
To Minh Quan
Doan Chinh Chung
Truong Hai Nhung
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Abstract
Astronauts are always faced with serious health problems during prolonged spaceflights. Previous studies have shown that weightlessness significantly affects the physiological function of female astronauts, including a change in reproductive hormones and ovarian cells, such as granulosa and theca cells. However, the effects of microgravity on these cells have not been well characterized, especially in granulosa cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the proliferation and morphology of porcine granulosa cells (pGCs). pGC proliferation from the SMG group was inhibited, demonstrated by the reduced O.D. value and cell density in the WST-1 assay and cell number counting. SMG-induced pGCs exhibited an increased ratio of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a decreased ratio of cells in the S and G2/M phase. Western blot analysis indicated a down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4), and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6), leading to the prevention of the G1-S transition and inducing the arrest phase. pGCs under the SMG condition showed an increase in nuclear area. This caused a reduction in nuclear shape value in pGCs under the SMG condition. SMG-induced pGCs exhibited different morphologies, including fibroblast-like shape, rhomboid shape, and pebble-like shape. These results revealed that SMG inhibited proliferation and induced morphological changes in pGCs.
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Keywords
"cell cycle proteins,
cell morphology,
porcine granulosa cells,
proliferation,
simulated microgravity"