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The Individual and Synergistic Indexes for Assessments of Heavy Metal Contamination in Global Rivers and Risk: a Review
The Individual and Synergistic Indexes for Assessments of Heavy Metal Contamination in Global Rivers and Risk: a Review
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Date
2021
Authors
Hong-Giang Hoang
Chitsan Lin
Chow-Feng Chiang
Xuan-Thanh Bui
Wisanukorn Lukkhasorn
Thi-Phuong-Thuy Bui
Huu-Tuan Tran
Thi-Dieu-Hien Vo
Van-Giang Le
Long D. Nghiem
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of heavy metal contamination in rivers and 35 assessment methods of their contamination and effects. According to literature, rivers 36 with heavy metal contamination in surface water are mainly found in developing 37 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean area, while rivers with 38 heavy metal contamination in sediments are mostly found in Europe. The increase in 39 heavy metal contamination in rivers has led to the adoption of individual and synergistic 40 assessment methods. Individual methods are useful in assessing the contamination and 41 effects for a single heavy metal, while synergistic methods assess the combined 42 contamination and effects of several heavy metals present in surface water and 43 sediments. These two approaches have been commonly used together in recent studies 44 to overcome the limitations of each other and provide a more comprehensive 45 assessment. The developments, equations, advantages, limitations, and future 46 perspectives of these methods are discussed in this review. Calculating indexes are 47 simple, easy-to-implement, and effective methods to provide early alerts for the 48 environmental changes and the adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. 49 However, calculating indexes still have limitations due to the lack of background 50 concentrations of heavy metals in the study area. Therefore, this issue should be 51 addressed to overcome the limitations of these methods in the future. This review 52 provides a useful reference for future studies on heavy metal contamination in global 53 rivers and the assessment methods for heavy metal contamination and effects.
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Keywords
Ecological risk assessment,
Heavy metal pollution,
Human health risk 56 assessment,
Individual indexes,
Synergistic indexes.